The Expenditure-Based Energy Pricing as an Example of Sustainable Carbon Tax in Turkey
Abstract views: 9
/ 
PDF downloads: 3
Keywords:
Carbon Tax, Emission Trading System , Sky-Trust Program , Energy JusticeAbstract
Turkey is a developing country and has one of the world's leading economies. Preparations are currently being made for the Emissions Trading System in terms of elimination of carbon emissions. In this study, carbon tax, one of the methods of reducing carbon emissions, is applied to households depending on expenditure. The principle of the method is as follow the income obtained from carbon tax is distributed equally to households in proportion to their expenses. While the carbon tax revenues of households in the lowest income group are 7.79%, households in the highest income group pay 2.4% more. Therefore, income equality is achieved on the basis of fuel and electricity energy.
References
Alomaliye. (2019, August 22). Konut harcamalarının üçte ikisini kira oluşturuyor. https://www.alomaliye.com/2019/08/22/konut-harcamalarinin-ucte-ikisini-kira-olusturuyor/
Ayu, P. (2018). The impact of carbon tax application on the economy and environment of Indonesia. European Journal of Economics and Business Studies, 4(1), January–April.
Azad, R., & Chakraborty, S. (2020). Green growth and the right to energy in India. Energy Policy, 14, 111456.
Baranzini, A., Goldemberg, J., & Speck, S. (2000). A future for carbon taxes. Ecological Economics, 32, 395–412.
Barnes, P. (2003). Who owns the sky: Our common assets and the future of capitalism. Island Press.
Beck, M., Rivers, N., Wigle, R., & Yonezawa, H. (2015). Carbon tax and revenue recycling: Impacts on households in British Columbia. Resource and Energy Economics, 41, 40–69.
Bercholz, M., & Roantree, B. (2019). Carbon taxes and compensation options. Budget Perspectives, ESRI Survey and Statistical Report Series. Economic and Social Research Institute.
Brenner, M., Riddle, M., & Boyce, J. K. (2007). Chinese sky trust? Distributional impacts of carbon charges and revenue recycling in China. Energy Policy, 35, 1771–1784.
CBAM. (2025). Potential effects of the carbon border adjustment mechanism on the Turkish economy. https://iklim.gov.tr/en/potential-effects-of-the-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-on-the-turkish-economy-has-been-completed-news-4148
Dinan, T. M., & Rogers, D. L. (2002). Distributional effects of carbon allowance trading: How government decisions determine winners and losers. National Tax Journal, 55(2), 199–221.
Domguia, E. N. (2023). Taxing for a better life? The impact of environmental taxes on income distribution and inclusive education. Heliyon, 9.
Euronews. (2025, January 27). https://tr.euronews.com/business/2025/01/27/enerji-ve-tabii-kaynaklar-bakani-elektrik-faturalarinda-subat-ayinda-yuzde-96lik-artis-yas
Fremstad, A., & Paul, M. (2019). The impact of a carbon tax on inequality. Ecological Economics, 163, 88–97.
Hesselman, M., Varo, A., & Laakso, S. (2019). The right to energy in the European Union. ENGAGER European Energy Poverty Policy Brief, University of Groningen Faculty of Law Research Paper No. 49.
Labeaga, J. M., & Xavier, L. (2020). Economics of environmental taxes and green tax reforms. Sustainability, 12(350). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010350
Okonkwo, J. U. (2021). Welfare effects of carbon taxation on South African households. Energy Economics, 96, 104903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104903
Pollin, R., & Chakraborty, S. (2015). An egalitarian green growth programme for India. Economic and Political Weekly, 50(42), 38–51.
Shyu, C. W. (2021). A framework for ‘right to energy’ to meet UN SDG7: Policy implications to meet basic human energy needs, eradicate energy poverty, enhance energy justice, and uphold energy democracy. Energy Research & Social Science, 79, 102199.
Statista. (2025). Carbon prices in the European Union Emission Trading Scheme. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1322214/carbon-prices-european-union-emission-trading-scheme/
T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2025). Twelfth Development Plan 2024–2028. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Twelfth-Development-Plan_2024-2028.pdf
T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı. (2025). Sözleşme ve protokoller. https://iklim.gov.tr/paris-anlasmasi-i-34
T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. (2025). https://enerji.gov.tr/homepage, https://enerji.gov.tr/bilgi-merkezi-enerji-elektrik
Turkish Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2022. (2022). https://enerji.gov.tr/Media/Dizin/EVCED/tr/ %C3%87evreVe%C4%B0klim/%C4%B0klimDe%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fikli%C4%9Fi/UlusalSeraGaz%C4%B1EmisyonEnvanteri/Belgeler/Ek-1.pdf
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2022). Final energy consumption statistics in households 2022. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Final-Energy-Consumption-Statistics-in-Households-2022-53805&dil=2
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2022). Annual gross domestic revenue 2022. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Yillik-Gayrisafi-Yurt-Ici-Hasila-2022-49742
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2022). Income distribution statistics 2022. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Income-Distribution-Statistics-2022-49745&dil=2
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2025). Environmental protection expenditure statistics 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Environmental-Protection-Expenditure-Statistics-2023-53726
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2022). Greenhouse gas emission statistics 1990–2022. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Sera-Gazi-Emisyon-Istatistikleri-1990-2022-53701
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2022). Household consumption expenditure 2022. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Tuketim-Harcamasi-2022-49690
UNFCCC. (2023). Republic of Turkey updated first nationally determined contribution. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2023-04/T%C3%9CRK%C4%B0YE_UPDATED%201st%20NDC_EN.pdf
West, S. E., & Williams, R. C. (2002). Estimates from a consumer demand system: Implications for the incidence of environmental taxes. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, No. 9152.
Zhang, Z. (1998). The economics of energy policy in China: Implications for global climate change. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Recycling Economy & Sustainability Policy
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
